Researchers challenged the framework for its lack of definition of principles qualifying shallow as opposed to deep processing. One solution is the belief that memory improves with elaboration on a concept because it aids in integration with prior knowledge structure, or that it creates a unique path to follow within memory.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The Levels of Processing Framework introduced by Craik and Lockhart in 1972 conceives of memory as a result of several processes involved in perception and understanding of information. How much a stimulus is analyzed when a person first learns about it affects how memorable it is. Greater depth in original processing was shown in studies to result in improved memory performance. Within the field of cognitive science, this framework shed light upon the importance of the way information is processed (p. 118). It prompted more research into encoding and retrieval processes following the rejection of the modal model (p. 117).

Levels of Processing Framework

Ranganath, C., Libby, A. L., & Wong, L. (2012). Human learning and memory. The Cambridge handbook of cognitive science, 112-130.

Ranganath, C., Libby, A. L., & Wong, L. (2012). Human learning and memory

Levels of Processing Framework Criticism 1

Another criticism leveled by researchers at the framework resulted when studies showed that memory performance is not solely determined by methods of encoding, and suggested the most important relation may instead be that between process of encoding and what hints are available when retrieval of the information is required. Tulving and Thomson’s “encoding specificity principle,” which identifies the connection between memory traces and hints during retrieval as the essential element, and Morris, Bransford and Franks’ “transfer appropriate processing” theory, which suggests the encoding method must be related to the conditions of retrieval,  fall into this category, and studies have supported these alternative explanations (p. 118). Additionally, some research has shown the context of a situation, including geographical, emotional, and mental contexts, can promote retrieval of memories in similar contexts (p. 119).

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