A synset consists of lemmas (a word in dictionary form), gloss (a sentance that describes the synset), and synset examples. For example, “person, individual, someone,
somebody, mortal, soul” are lemmas of a synset, and "a human being" is the gloss, and "there are too much for one person to do" is a synset example.

Synset

Lexicon quality challenges can be either a overload work or underload. Overload means it has some inappropriate senses, lemmas, or relations and produce overload components in LSR. Underwork means it has some missing senses, lemmas or connections. There are some specific challenges: 

1)	Polysemy

2)	Missing Senses, Lemmas and Relations


LSR Quality Challenges

A good LSR depends on synset correctness and completeness, and also depends on the connectivity degree of the synset with other synsets in the semantic network. There are different evaluation methods for each part of the LSR:

1)	Synset Lemmas Evaluation Methods

2)	Synset Gloss Evaluation Methods

3)	Synset Relations Evaluation Methods


Quality Evaluation Methods for LSR

Lexical Semantic Resources (LSRs) is a lexical database that organizes the relation between synsets via lexical and semantic relations. 

University of Notre Dame

Lexical semantics

Khalilia, H., Freihat, A. A., & Giunchiglia, F. (2021). The Quality of Lexical Semantic Resources: A Survey. In Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP 2021) (pp. 117-129).

The Quality of Lexical Semantic Resources: A Survey

Citation form of a word, e.g. Sing is the lemma for "sing", "sang", "sung"- dictionaries don't have separate definitions for the lemma. Each lemma can have multiple meanings.

Lemma

2 words are synonymous if they are interchangeable in any sentence without changing the true conditions of the sentence, having the same positional meaning. When one word has a sense that its meaning is nearly or completely identical to a sense of another word, the 2 words are considered 2 synonyms.

Synonym

A hypothesis that there is always a difference in meaning for words in different linguistic forms, e.g. Water and H2O are synonymous, but there is still a difference in the words related context genre, and this difference should be considered part of the difference in meanings.

Principle of Contrast

The attributes that two words are associated by co-participating in the same context, such as an event, or a group of semantic domain.

Word Relatedness

Relations between words included but not limited to their meanings; an important component of tasks such as question answering, paraphrasing and summarization.

Word Similarity

A semantic frame is a set of words that have represent roles in an event. For example, in a semantics frame: {buyer, seller, goods}, money are the lexical components of a commercial transaction, they are the semantics roles that can attribute to a word. 

Semantic Frames and Roles

The aspects of a word's meaning that are related to the emotions, sentiment, opinions, or evaluations from authors and readers. For example, the difference in affective meanings between the words "copy", "replica" and "reproduction". Important dimensions of affective meanings are valence, arousal and dominance.


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