A hypothesis that there is always a difference in meaning for words in different linguistic forms, e.g. Water and H2O are synonymous, but there is still a difference in the words related context genre, and this difference should be considered part of the difference in meanings.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Lexical semantics

An on-going but a helpful book resource about NLP
https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/

Speech and Language Processing (3rd ed. draft) 

Citation form of a word, e.g. Sing is the lemma for "sing", "sang", "sung"- dictionaries don't have separate definitions for the lemma. Each lemma can have multiple meanings.

Lemma

2 words are synonymous if they are interchangeable in any sentence without changing the true conditions of the sentence, having the same positional meaning. When one word has a sense that its meaning is nearly or completely identical to a sense of another word, the 2 words are considered 2 synonyms.

Synonym

Principle of Contrast

The attributes that two words are associated by co-participating in the same context, such as an event, or a group of semantic domain.

Word Relatedness

Relations between words included but not limited to their meanings; an important component of tasks such as question answering, paraphrasing and summarization.

Word Similarity

A semantic frame is a set of words that have represent roles in an event. For example, in a semantics frame: {buyer, seller, goods}, money are the lexical components of a commercial transaction, they are the semantics roles that can attribute to a word. 

Semantic Frames and Roles

The aspects of a word's meaning that are related to the emotions, sentiment, opinions, or evaluations from authors and readers. For example, the difference in affective meanings between the words "copy", "replica" and "reproduction". Important dimensions of affective meanings are valence, arousal and dominance.


Connotations in NLP

Lexical Semantic Resources (LSRs) is a lexical database that organizes the relation between synsets via lexical and semantic relations. 

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