Looks at pregnancy specific worries and general worries. Looks at sociomedical factors related to relationships, money, hospital, and birth-related concerns.

Cambridge Worry Scale

Checks how people feel in that given moment. Known for being brief. Internal consistency reliability was alpha = .88.

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S6)

Measures acute anxiety and adjustment; general worry and specific fears; perfectionism, control, and trauma; and social anxiety.

Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS)

Measures fear of giving birth, worries about bearing a disabled child, and concern about own appearance. Internal consistency reliability was excellent. Known for its validity and briefness.

Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2)

Assesses depression in pregnancy. Internal consistency reliability was excellent. 

Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS)

Checks for neuroticism. Has excellent reliability.

International Personality Item Pool-Neuroticism Scale (IPIP-N)

Has 9 subscales and 33 items. Subscales include Childbirth Concerns, Body Image Concerns, Attitudes Toward Childbirth, Worry About Motherhood, Baby Concerns, Acceptance of Pregnancy (Wanting the Baby), Avoidance (Wanting a Caesarian versus vaginal birth), Anxiety Indicators, and Attitudes Towards the Medical Staff (Concerns on whether they’ll be friendly). 

Pregnancy Related Anxiety Scale (PRAS)

Materials include Cambridge Worry Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale, Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2, Edinburgh Depression Scale, and International Personality Item Pool- Neuroticism Scale.

New Mexico Highlands University

Gender is a determinant of mental health. Different factors different genders face impacting their mental health and lives, social position, status, and treatment in society. Gender differences also occur in the rates of common mental disorders.

Gender and Mental Health

Dryer, R., Brunton, R., He, D., & Lee, E. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Scale—Screener. Psychological Assessment, 34(5), 443–458. https://doi-org.proxy.wichita.edu/10.1037/pas0001110.supp (Supplemental)

Psychometric Properties of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Scale—Screener

Masculinity influences emotion regulation in two major ways. One is through childhood socialization; the other is through cognitive and experiential factors of masculinity.

How does masculinity affect emotion regulation?

Positive affect decreases following delivery then increases as per US study.
Maternal role development correlates negatively with maternal distress.
Study in Japan showed if there is no support from their spouse, they are still at risk for postpartum depression, even with support from their family.


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