A series of questions asked to measure participant’s beliefs in their capabilities to master different areas of coursework and self-regulated learning. 

Bandura's Multidimensional Self-Efficacy Scales 

This consists of 13 items summed together to indicate self confidence of athletes when they are competing in their sport. Athletes were instructed to compare their self-confidence to the most self-confident athlete they know and rate themselves on a 9 point scale. 

Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (Vealey 1986) 

In Cole's (2014) study on sports participation and academic achievement, academic achievement was measured through students' current and cumulative GPAs. Academic self-efficacy was measured using Bandura's Multidimensional Self-Efficacy Scales. Athletic self-efficacy was measured using the Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (Vealey, 1986). Sports participation and demographic information were measured through surveys.

Syracuse University

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111 students were taken from two high schools in Tucson, Arizona. The first school being a private college preparatory and the second being a public high school. There was no significant difference based on demographic measures but there was a significant difference based on physical activity. 




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