Computerized molecular docking assays were conducted to assess the roles of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) in preventative or therapeutic care of COVID-19.  Studies analyzed these drug interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteins, ACE2, TMPRSS2, and other protein targets.  HCQ and CQ were not found to strongly interact with viral proteins, including its RNA polymerase, main protease, or ligand.  However, five possible binding sites were discovered on the ACE2 receptor.  

Using Molecular Docking to Determine the Mechanism of Action of Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine on SARS-CoV-2

Hydrochloroquine function by increasing pH intracelluarly, affecting the function of hydrolases and the assembly of macromolecules in endosomes. The antimalarial prevents the formation of peptide MHC complexes which stimulate an immunologic response.

Mechanism of Action of Hydroxychloroquine

The biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its pharmaceutical effect. This generally involves enzymes, receptors, and other targets of cells to produce a cellular response.

University of California, Santa Cruz

A type of treatment in which pharmaceutical drugs are administered to treat or cure a disease, injury, and mental or physical disorders.

Therapeutic Treatment 

Fox, R. I. (1993). Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 23(2), 82-91. doi:10.1016/s0049-0172(10)80012-5

Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug

Mechanism of Action

- Ozone is an unstable molecule that serves as a strong oxidizing agent
- Ozone has anti-inflammatory properties, and serves as an immunomodulator
- When ozone breaks down, it causes blood vessels to become dilated
- Ozone’s impact is dependent on its dosage
- Ozone messengers (ROS and LOPs) provide therapeutic effects
- ROS acts on blood
- LOPs impact the organs in the body
- ROS increases oxygen uptake by red blood cells (preventing hypoxemia) and stimulates white blood cells
- Ozone releases cytokines (which is known to cause inflammation) but can block the NF-kB pathway
- Ozone decrease the number of IL-6 receptors being activated


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