Attitudes toward deafness can be divided into two groups: the clinical and the cultural model.

1) The Clinical Model: Deafness is viewed as a handicap, a medical condition, or a deficiency. Deafness is viewed as something needing to be fixed, through such means as hearing aids and cochlear implants.

2) The Cultural Model: People with hearing difficulties are viewed as a linguistic and cultural minority group within a hearing society, marked by difference rather than limitation.

Attitudes Toward Deafness/ Two Conflicting Models

- Important Books in the Medical View of Disabilities

Important Literature in the Medical Model of Disabilities

Individuals who view disability in terms of the medical model may disrupt the potential for the people with a disability to form a positive disability identity by placing too much emphasis on ability and other internal factors.  

Disability Identity Development In Terms of the Medical Model 

'Making up people' is the concept that by studying and categorizing types of people, those classifications change to better reflect the societal views of the characteristics of individuals within that classification. By studying people we create kinds of people - ways people can be embodied - that did not exist prior to classification.

In this article, Sparti proposes that we can use the model of making up people to understand the formation of disabilities.

Making Up People - On Some Looping Effects of the Human Kind - Institutional Reflexivity of Social Control?

Self-help groups did not work within the medical model of disability and instead centered individuals as experts in their own experiences, and emphasized the need to address internalized oppression and create systems of community support rather than emphasizing eliminating or relieving someone from disability.

NBWHP's Self-Help Groups and Models of Disability

Higher education has historically used the  medical model of disability - systems like accommodations place the blame or site of of disability in the individual student for whom the environment needs to be changed to accomodate rather than locating disability in the system. Accomodations require students to disclose their disability status to recieve accomodations in ways that force them to pathologize their own being.

Models of Disability in Higher Education

Highlighting the role of essentialism and blame in disability stigma shows just how informed this stigma is by the medical model of disability.

Disability Stigma and the Medical Model of Disability

This refers to how human conditions and behaviors come to be defined and treated as medical illnesses requiring professional intervention. Medicalization leads to individualized diagnoses rather than social or cultural explanations for human differences. The process transforms social issues into medical problems amenable to clinical treatment. DP reveals how medicalization occurs through specific discursive practices in institutional settings.

Medicalization Process

When AI systems are designed through the lens of the medical model, disability is framed primarily as an individual deficit to be diagnosed, measured, or corrected. This drives the development of technologies such as diagnostic algorithms, assistive apps, or predictive screening tools that focus on “fixing” impairments rather than addressing the broader structural barriers that create disablement. While such tools can provide clinical benefits, they risk reinforcing a narrow view of disability as pathology and sidelining questions of justice, accessibility, and agency.

How Medical Model Shapes AI

Traditional special education roots itself in pathologization, intervention, and Eugenist philosophies. Students with disabilities are viewed through a deficit lens requiring them to be "fixed." The system demands students adapt to fit existing structures rather than questioning those structures. This approach perpetuates harm and dehumanization.

Special Education's Roots in the Medical Model

The group of assumptions that underlie these questions takes for granted the "metaphysical status" and "epistemological character" of the category of disability, casting disability as a self-evident (and thus philosophically uninteresting) designation that only science and medicine can accurately represent. 

Assumptions Underlying Questions in Mainstream Philosophy 

- By constructing the CI user as "abled" and the HA user as "disabled," the discourse reinforces the Medical Model of Disability.
- Disability is framed as a consumer choice between prostheses (choosing the "right" device) rather than a social or political issue.
- Ultimately, the formulation of CI satisfaction perpetuates audism by valuing human variation only as a deviation from "imagined perfection".

Reproducing Audism

The medical model positions a disability as something that must be diagnosed and addressed with medical intervention. It views disabilities as something that reduces a person’s quality of life, curing the disability as the ultimate goal. Also, the medical model promotes the image of people with disabilities as needing health care or as “sick”. Many people with the philosophy of the medical model underestimate the human capacity to learn about the complexities of the human body, and thus to make safe decisions about one’s disability.

Georgetown University

Pepperdine University

- Medical Model of Disability
- Social Model of Disability

Comparing the Medical Model and Social Model of Disability

- Medical Model 
- Social Model
- Relational/Political Model

Historical Models of Disability 

Children nodes connected include several alternate ways of classifying and defining disability

- Medical Model 
- Social Model
- Identity Model
- Human Rights Model
- Cultural Model
- Economic Model
- Charity Model
- Limits Model
- Cultural Model
- Educational Model
- Functional Model
- Materialist Social Model

Conflicting Models and Definitions of Disability

Fisher, Pamela; Goodley, Dan (January 2007). "The linear medical model of disability: mothers of disabled babies resist with counter-narratives". Sociology of Health & Illness. 29 (1): 66–81.

The linear medical model of disability: mothers of disabled babies resist with counter-narratives

Rochford, R. (2021). Disability-Friendly Terminology. DisabilityInfo.org. https://disabilityinfo.org/fact-sheet-library/information-referral/disability-friendly-terminology/


Disability-Friendly Terminology

Medical Model of Disability

The social model positions society as the disabling agent, rather than an individual’s impairment. Under the social model, an impairment is not automatically a disability. It is only a disability when society is not structured (physically, socially, or culturally) to include that impairment/variation. For example, in a society where glasses/corrective lenses are accessible and socially accepted, the impairment of having blurry vision without them is not necessarily disabling. The social model seeks to make changes in society, rather than focusing on disabled people to change.

Social Model of Disability

Alison Kafer determines that the political/relational model differs from the social model because it includes lived experiences of people with disabilities, in addition to potential medical treatments. 

Political/relational Model 

Disability is multidimensional, and the three major models of disability cannot be cleanly separated in practice. Instead, each model highlights different aspects of experience, and tensions emerge when they are operationalized. For instance, someone with chronic pain may qualify as disabled under a medical definition, but effective medication and support might minimize disablement socially. Conversely, someone with arthritis could be highly disabled in practice yet excluded from formal recognition or resources if their condition does not meet political or diagnostic criteria.

Interactions Between Different Models of Disability

A classification method developed by the World Health Organization to model the impacts of a disability on a person's life. In this model, disability has three components, or dimensions, in which effects of disability can be observed. These are based on impairment, activity limitation, and participation restrictions. Any particular disability may cause a positive or negative effect in all or only some of these categories. 





Three Dimensions of Disability Classification Model

This model is considered to be a more nuanced approach of the social/political view of disability studies, ranging from medical to socio-political views. It explored disabilities as the interaction with the societies around them, as it was believed that one's disability is a product of the environment and bodily factors.

Cultural Model View of Disabilities

People that view disability from an educational perspective often see people with disabilities as needing assistance to become more like the rest of “us”. The problem with this view is that it promotes low expectations of people with disabilities, and assumes unequal relationships.This philosophy also assumes successful people with disabilities are heroic , inspirational, role-models, and/or courageous. 

Educational model of demeaning disability-friendly terminology

The Functional Model constructs disability in more subjective terms and takes into account how their impairment affects the functioning of a specific individual based on their daily purpose and tasks.  

The Functional Model of Disability 

In this piece, Paul Heilker examines autism as a form of rhetoric and how the various forces, media portrays, autistic community understandings, and cultural forces, work to construct autism as an overwhelmingly white phenomenon in public discourses. 

Autism, Rhetoric, and Whiteness

Developed by Michael Oliver, this model represents disability as culturally-constructed through centuries of medical thinking and knowledge systems. It argues disability concepts are deployed to attribute individual causes for systematic exclusion of certain bodies and minds. The model examines how medical discourse creates categories that justify social exclusion. It emphasizes material conditions and power structures behind disability construction.

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