The formula to convert a physical acoustic frequency $$f$$ in Hertz (Hz) into its perceptual pitch in mels ($$m$$) is given by: $$m = 1127 \ln(1 + \frac{f}{700})$$

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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 A mel is a unit of pitch defined such that pairs of sounds which are perceptually equidistant in pitch are separated by an equal number of mels.

An on-going but a helpful book resource about NLP
https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/

Speech and Language Processing (3rd ed. draft) 

Spectral information is extracted on a mel scale, rather than equally across all frequency bands. We do this because humans hearing is more sensitive at lower frequencies than higher ones, so modeling speech recognition the same way helps performance.

Mel Filter Bank and Log

The categorization of texts into organized groups, which is usually implemented by supervised learning.
Applications: sentiment analysis, spam detection, news categorization, topic analysis, and more.

Text Classification

The pre-training and fine-tuning paradigm is a method motivated by the goal of creating adaptable, general-purpose systems for universal language understanding and generation. It involves separating the common components of neural network architectures, such as Transformers, and training them on vast amounts of unlabeled data using self-supervision. The resulting systems, known as foundation models, can be easily adapted for specific downstream applications via fine-tuning or prompting. This paradigm shift has enormously transformed natural language processing, meaning that in many cases, large-scale supervised learning for specific tasks is no longer required.

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