Psychedelics, in particular LSD and psilocybin, have been investigated as potential treatments for depressive symptoms. There is evidence for short-, medium-, and long-term usefulness in both micro-dosing and regular studies. In addition to the potential cognitive stimulation (LSD) or emotional well-being effects (psilocybin), these treatments are generally well-tolerated in clinical and general populations. In addition, MDMA has received breakthrough treatment status with the FDA for the treatment of PTSD.

Potential clinical uses for psychedelics

Impact of Microdosing clinical study -- Why necessary and how useful?
 -- Why Necessary?

It has often been claimed that psychedelics have therapeutic value in treating many types of mental health conditions such as depression. It is seen that psychedelics like LSD or psilocybin have shown subtle but positive effects on cognitive processing. Howeverm there are other side effects that are also present in the dosing of these drugs if not carefully dosed, and in lower doses. 

The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression

Microdosing is the administration of a psychedelic drug/medication at one-tenth of the dose that would cause hallucinogenic effects.

Arizona State University

Scripps College

The study of the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior.

Psychopharmacology 

Kuypers, K. P. C.. (2020). The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10, 204512532095056. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320950567

Sugiyama, Y., &amp; Yamashita, S. (2010, October 13). Impact of microdosing clinical study - why necessary and how useful? Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. Retrieved May 8, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169409X10001882?casa_token=XSqoYLXdROgAAAAA%3ABCJiV392UsdSpr9V7J5agHkhpncwNIPuDOW0XA814eAqKchOcEzyGMTPbVl-p-ttHuuKBCgxAoxB 

Impact of Microdosing Clinical Study - why and how useful?

Psychopharmacology Library

Microdosing

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs used to treat conditions like depression, which is often associated with low serotonin levels. Unlike agonists or antagonists that bind to receptors, SSRIs work by blocking the reuptake process. This action prevents unused serotonin from being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, allowing it to remain in the synaptic cleft for a longer period. The extended presence of serotonin enhances its interaction with postsynaptic receptors, thereby strengthening its overall effect. Common examples of SSRIs include Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft.

SSRIs and SNRIs

A class of drugs that typically alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia. (Also called neuroleptics)

- The Dopamine Hypothesis

- Typical Antipsychotics

- Long-Term Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs

- Atypical Antipsychotics

- The Glutamate Hypothesis

Antipsychotic Drugs

Tricyclic (or heterocyclic) antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine, and are thus called due to their three (or more)-ring chemical structure. Some examples include:

- Amitriptyline (Elavil) 
- Nortriptyline (Aventyl)
- Maprotiline hydrochloride (Ludiomil)
- Desipramine hydrochloride (Norpramin)
- Clomipramine (Anafranil)

A similar drug is Bupropion (Wellbutrin), which is an aminoketone that weakly blocks norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

MAOIs inhibit the breakdown of the enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters. Some MAOIs have antidepressant effects, including:

- Phenelzine (Nardil)
- Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
- Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Psychoplastogens class of compounds that take effect on neural plasticity in key circuits involved in brain health. Psychoplastogens include psychadelics, and produce a quantifiable change in plasticity within a short time frame (>72 h) post administration.

Psychoplastogens 

The study of the use of extracts and compounds obtained from mushrooms as medicines or health-promoting agents. Mycotherapy, also known as fungal or mushroom therapy, is a branch of natural medicine exploring the therapeutic properties and potential health benefits of various mushrooms. The practice of using mushrooms for medicinal purposes has been observed in different cultures throughout history, and it continues to gain recognition and scientific interest in modern times.

Mycotherapy

Medications that have Anticholinergic effects are associated with central and peripheral side effects. These include constipation, confusion, sedation, and dry mouth. Increased Anticholinergic exposure increases adverse risks.

Anticholinergic Medicines

Psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines, are a primary treatment for narcolepsy. These medications function by increasing overall levels of neural activity to combat daytime sleepiness. Examples include modafinil, armodafinil, and various amphetamines.

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