More resilient to interruptions, yield higher quality work, can be used to scaffold the cognitive process of maintaining and rebuilding context for complex tasks and make tasks more engaging 

Microtask characteristics

The use of microtasks to break down large-scale collaborative projects into small chunks that can be conducted individually and with little need for coordination between individual workers. 

Microtasks in Crowd Work

Completing a set of microtasks in succession. The ways that microtasks are ordered in a chain affects the extent to which people complete the tasks productively and accurately and continue to engage with subsequent tasks.

Microtask Chaining

A predefined series of microtasks designed such that the output of the set of microtasks can be used to successfully complete a larger task. While most existing microproductivity approaches currently expect task structure to be provided up front, workflows can also be developed dynamically.


Workflow

- 1) decompose large tasks into microtasks, 
- 2) efficiently complete each microtasks, 
- 3) source microtasks to the most appropriate actor.


3 Areas of Microtask development (The future of Microproductivity) 

Soliciting support from peers (via “friendsourcing”) or paid crowd workers (via “crowdsourcing”) is easy with microproductivity, because sharing a self-contained microtask with another person requires almost no coordination overhead. Microtasks can be allocated to the most appropriate person depending on the required level of expertise, the person’s availability, and their familiarity with the task. 

Microtask Sourcing 

Mobile devices offer people the opportunity to get useful tasks done during time previously thought to be unusable. Because cell phones have small screens, they’re useful for short, simple tasks. The researchers in this study designed a special app, Play Write, whose purpose is to make complex editing tasks more fragmented and achievable while working on mobile devices. Results suggested that the app made participants feel more productive and less stressed, and they completed more edits on a document using the app.

Multitasking with Play Write, a mobile microproductivity writing tool

Complex tasks are characterized in two ways: 
- (1) intellectually, they require reasoning and non-repetitive creativity and 
- (2) organizationally, they require multiple people working in multiple roles with interdependencies among the microtasks they perform


Complex Tasks in Crowd Work

Priming has been used in the realms of psychology as a way to alter people's behaviors or performance. It can be overt (supraliminal) or covert (subliminal). A subsequent behavior, which is a result of the priming, occurs typically without conscious awareness. In the field of microtask crowdsourcing, multiple types of primes have been used to increase and alter people's performance.

Priming to Increase Performance in Microtask Crowdsourcing

Differences have been noted in terms of performance between microtasks and macrotasks. These are related to the time taken to complete them, their quality/accuracy, and the workers' preferences. There are also differences in the effects of interruption on micro- and macrotasks.


Performance Differences In Micro- and Macrotasks

Microtasks can give people a sense of accomplishment early on in the task, which can help with motivation. Concrete progress with lots of feedback contributes to a sense of self-efficacy, and completing microtasks is functionally efficient and helps with motivation, so people are more likely to be productive for longer.

Microtasks and Motivation

The process of breaking large tasks down into microtasks such that each microtask contributes towards the overall goal.

Task Decomposition Definition

While microtasking is more pertinent to work environments, it can be used in educational contexts to ameliorate students' performance. Teachers can implement microtasks into their curricula to help students who underperform compared to their peers.

Microtasking in an Educational Context

Small jobs that requires a low level of skill and takes minimal time to complete. Microtasking is the process of splitting up a large job (macro-task) into smaller jobs.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The act of decomposing tasks into smaller microtasks that leverage micromoments (specific, strategic moments that occur during a person's day).

Microproductivity

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/microtasks-and-microproductivity/

Microsoft's Microproductivity Research Team Overview

 In this paper, authors explore how software might help programmers make productive use of their time while away from their workspace. It explores how to facilitate programmers’ mobile work practices and cross-device work as subjects express interest in work more grounded in their existing code tasks. The paper introduces Mercury, a mobile programming tool that auto-generates microtasks based on programmers’ existing code. 

Mercury: Empowering Programmers’ Mobile Work Practices with Microproductivity 

This article explores the usefulness of gamification on task-management applications in terms of motivation, engagement and productivity. 

 Deconstructing ‘Gamified’ Task-Management Applications 

Microtasks/ Microtasking

A small gap in time that occurs between other segments of occupied time during which microtasks can be completed

Micromoment

This article was written by the leader of the Microsoft Research team detailing concepts and developments needed to understand the domain of Microproductivity. It also presented the conclusions of a short study conducted by the team (not explained in detailed), and its practical implications. 

The future of Microproductivity 

- A Brief Perspective on Microtask Crowdsourcing Workflows for Interface Design
- Skill Development Framework for Micro-Tasking


Further Literature

The completion and aggregation of microtasks. Involves motivating people to complete microtasks, designing where and when to embed microtasks, and managing attention.

Task Completion Definiton

The sourcing of tasks and microtasks to an actor to complete. For example, a microtask could be completed by the task owner, peers, the crowd, or automation.

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