- Generally, microtasks take longer than macrotasks
- However, that pattern has not been observed in transcription tasks


Time Differences Between Micro- and Macrotasks

- Microtasks lead to fewer errors as compared to macrotasks
- This may be due to the extra amount of work that is required to complete microtasks, which facilitates people's mental processes

Quality/Accuracy Differences Between Micro- and Macrotasks

- People tend to prefer microtasks
- People tend to consider microtaks easier

Preference Differences Between Micro- and Macrotasks

- There are no significant differences between interrupted and uninterrupted microtasks in terms of time
- Interrupted macrotasks take longer than uninterrupted macrotasks, but the statistical difference is not significant for all types of macrotasks
- Overall, there are no time differences in interrupted and uninterrupted microtasks because microtasks are inherently shorter
- No significant differences in accuracy are observed between interrupted and uninterrupted micro- and macrotasks


Interruption Effects On Micro- vs. Macrotasks

Differences have been noted in terms of performance between microtasks and macrotasks. These are related to the time taken to complete them, their quality/accuracy, and the workers' preferences. There are also differences in the effects of interruption on micro- and macrotasks.


Davidson College

Macrotasking refers to complex jobs that cannot be effectively broken down into simpler tasks. These may take a significant amount of time to complete.

Macrotasking

Small jobs that requires a low level of skill and takes minimal time to complete. Microtasking is the process of splitting up a large job (macro-task) into smaller jobs.

Microtasks/ Microtasking

Cheng, J., Teevan, J., Iqbal, S. T., & Bernstein, M. S. (2015). Break it down: A comparison of macro-and microtasks. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4061-4064).

Break It Down: A Comparison of Macro- and Microtasks

- Unlike microtasks, which support workers such that they would not require much expertise or context, macrotask crowdsourcing depends on workers with expert knowledge in one or more domains.
- While simple tasks can be easily decomposed and accomplished through microtasks, macrotask crowdsourcing can benefit complex tasks that involve open-ended and innovation-oriented work. 

Macrotasks in Crowd Work

Performance Differences In Micro- and Macrotasks

More resilient to interruptions, yield higher quality work, can be used to scaffold the cognitive process of maintaining and rebuilding context for complex tasks and make tasks more engaging 

Microtask characteristics

The use of microtasks to break down large-scale collaborative projects into small chunks that can be conducted individually and with little need for coordination between individual workers. 

Microtasks in Crowd Work

Completing a set of microtasks in succession. The ways that microtasks are ordered in a chain affects the extent to which people complete the tasks productively and accurately and continue to engage with subsequent tasks.

Microtask Chaining

A predefined series of microtasks designed such that the output of the set of microtasks can be used to successfully complete a larger task. While most existing microproductivity approaches currently expect task structure to be provided up front, workflows can also be developed dynamically.


Workflow

- 1) decompose large tasks into microtasks, 
- 2) efficiently complete each microtasks, 
- 3) source microtasks to the most appropriate actor.


3 Areas of Microtask development (The future of Microproductivity) 

Soliciting support from peers (via “friendsourcing”) or paid crowd workers (via “crowdsourcing”) is easy with microproductivity, because sharing a self-contained microtask with another person requires almost no coordination overhead. Microtasks can be allocated to the most appropriate person depending on the required level of expertise, the person’s availability, and their familiarity with the task. 

Microtask Sourcing 

Mobile devices offer people the opportunity to get useful tasks done during time previously thought to be unusable. Because cell phones have small screens, they’re useful for short, simple tasks. The researchers in this study designed a special app, Play Write, whose purpose is to make complex editing tasks more fragmented and achievable while working on mobile devices. Results suggested that the app made participants feel more productive and less stressed, and they completed more edits on a document using the app.

Multitasking with Play Write, a mobile microproductivity writing tool

Complex tasks are characterized in two ways: 
- (1) intellectually, they require reasoning and non-repetitive creativity and 
- (2) organizationally, they require multiple people working in multiple roles with interdependencies among the microtasks they perform


Complex Tasks in Crowd Work

Priming has been used in the realms of psychology as a way to alter people's behaviors or performance. It can be overt (supraliminal) or covert (subliminal). A subsequent behavior, which is a result of the priming, occurs typically without conscious awareness. In the field of microtask crowdsourcing, multiple types of primes have been used to increase and alter people's performance.

Priming to Increase Performance in Microtask Crowdsourcing

Microtasks can give people a sense of accomplishment early on in the task, which can help with motivation. Concrete progress with lots of feedback contributes to a sense of self-efficacy, and completing microtasks is functionally efficient and helps with motivation, so people are more likely to be productive for longer.

Microtasks and Motivation

The process of breaking large tasks down into microtasks such that each microtask contributes towards the overall goal.

Task Decomposition Definition

While microtasking is more pertinent to work environments, it can be used in educational contexts to ameliorate students' performance. Teachers can implement microtasks into their curricula to help students who underperform compared to their peers.

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