Physical changes occur gradually during middle adulthood. These changes impact:

- Skin
- Vision
- Fertility
- Weight
- Hair

Physical Changes during Middle Adulthood

The life stories of Kwame, a father of three in Kumasi, Ghana, and Sophia, a mother of two in the suburban Midwest of the United States, provide a detailed case study of how individuals in their mid-50s manage economic shocks and plan for retirement across different economic contexts. Their experiences include financing their pre-work education through a combination of family support, government aid, and loans. Before starting work in their early twenties, they were supported primarily by their parents. Additionally, both attended government-funded schools, and Kwame’s further education was also state-funded, while Sophia partially financed her university education with student loans. Their professional lives have faced significant disruptions that resulted in periods without earnings. For Sophia, these disruptions included being made redundant from her financial sector job during the 2007–2009 global financial crisis and taking short, unpaid maternity leaves. For Kwame, a teacher at a private school, a major disruption was losing his job during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. To navigate these income losses, they utilized a variety of support systems. During her unemployment, Sophia received government unemployment insurance, but still had to use credit card debt to make mortgage payments and avoid losing her home. Kwame managed his job loss during the pandemic by drawing on a combination of formal and informal aid from the government, an NGO, and his church, and using a Mobile Money service for small-scale borrowing to avoid larger, high-interest loans. Their combined experiences and contrasting retirement strategies demonstrate the complex web of support mechanisms and financial tools people use to maintain stability.

Kwame and Sophia: A Life-Cycle Case Study of Economic Shocks and Support Systems

In contrast to physical abilities, which peak in the mid-20s, cognitive functions generally remain stable throughout early and middle adulthood. Specifically, crystallized intelligence tends to hold steady or even improve. This stability is reflected in intelligence test scores, which show little to no decline for adults until they reach their mid-30s to mid-50s.

Cognitive Stability in Early and Middle Adulthood

Based on the provided scenario, analyze the different developmental trends Maria is experiencing. Explain how her experiences with her physical abilities and her professional skills are both characteristic of the life stage she is in.

Analyzing Developmental Trends in Middle Adulthood

Middle adulthood, spanning from the 40s to the 60s, is a life stage characterized by a gradual physical decline.

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New Mexico Highlands University

Adulthood is typically segmented into three distinct stages: early, middle, and late. Each of these periods is characterized by its own unique set of rewards and challenges.

Stages of Adulthood

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

To cite the ebook, use The CORE Econ Team 2023 The Economy 2.0: Macroeconomics Open access e-text https://core-econ.org/the-economy/.

To cite a unit, use The CORE Econ Team 2023 The Economy 2.0: Macroeconomics Open access e-text https://core-econ.org/the-economy/ Unit [unit number] (url).

CORE Econ - The Economy 2.0: Macroeconomics

Middle Adulthood

Late adulthood, the period from age 60 onwards, is recognized as the final stage of physical change in the human lifespan.

Late Adulthood

Early adulthood, the period from the 20s to the early 40s, marks the completion of physical maturation. During this stage, physical abilities reach their peak, though minor increases in height and weight are still possible.

Early Adulthood

The journey through adulthood is often divided into distinct periods, each with its own set of opportunities and difficulties. Compare and contrast the likely rewards and challenges an individual might face in the early stage of adulthood with those they might encounter in the late stage of adulthood. Support your analysis by considering how life priorities and experiences typically shift between these two periods.

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