The mirror test is an experiment designed to assess self-recognition and self-awareness. In a classic version of the experiment, a researcher places a red dot of paint on a subject's nose before placing them in front of a mirror (Amsterdam, 1972). If the subject touches their own nose upon seeing the reflection, it demonstrates that they recognize the image as themselves. This behavior is considered clear evidence of self-recognition and is demonstrated by human toddlers around 18 months of age, as well as a few other species (Archer, 1992).

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Infants initially lack a self-concept, an understanding of their own identity. For example, when presented with a mirror, a young infant will interact with their reflection as if it were another baby. A key indicator of developing self-awareness, known as self-recognition, emerges around 18 months of age. This is often demonstrated through the mirror test, where a toddler who sees a mark on their nose in the mirror will touch their own nose, not the reflection. This development continues, and by 24 to 36 months, children can typically identify themselves in photographs.

Development of Self-Concept in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

A researcher places 20-month-old Maya in front of a mirror after secretly putting a small smudge of lipstick on her nose. Which of the following reactions would indicate that Maya has developed a self-concept?

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