Post-warnings in the presence level of specificity, the second-lowest level, solely confirm the presence of misleading or false information within the information presented after an event.

Ohio State University, Columbus

- Possibility
- Presence
- Logic of Opposition
- Identification

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings: Levels of Specificity

Blank, H., & Launay, C. (2014). How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(2), 77–88. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/10.1037/h0101798.supp (Supplemental)

How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies

Post-warnings in the possibility level of specificity, the lowest level, solely describe the possibility of misinformation within the information presented after an event. 

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings Levels of Specificity: Possibility

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings Levels of Specificity: Presence

Post-warnings in the logic of opposition level of specificity, the second-highest level, assert that the information presented after an event is entirely inaccurate, allowing for the identification of correct information in opposition to the post-event account. 

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings Levels of Specificity: Logic of Opposition

Post-warnings in the identification level of specificity, the highest level, confirm the presence of misinformation within the information presented after an event and identifies the exact pieces of misleading or false information.

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