Post-warnings in the possibility level of specificity, the lowest level, solely describe the possibility of misinformation within the information presented after an event. 

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings Levels of Specificity: Possibility

Post-warnings in the presence level of specificity, the second-lowest level, solely confirm the presence of misleading or false information within the information presented after an event.

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings Levels of Specificity: Presence

Post-warnings in the logic of opposition level of specificity, the second-highest level, assert that the information presented after an event is entirely inaccurate, allowing for the identification of correct information in opposition to the post-event account. 

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings Levels of Specificity: Logic of Opposition

Post-warnings in the identification level of specificity, the highest level, confirm the presence of misinformation within the information presented after an event and identifies the exact pieces of misleading or false information.

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings Levels of Specificity: Identification

- Possibility
- Presence
- Logic of Opposition
- Identification

Ohio State University, Columbus

Post-warnings include differing levels of specificity concerning the possibility or presence of misleading details in the information previously presented.

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings: Specificity 

Blank, H., & Launay, C. (2014). How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(2), 77–88. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/10.1037/h0101798.supp (Supplemental)

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