The network among participants without a history of childhood trauma consisted of 17 edges/connections. The strongest was between anxiety (psychological, 6) and general somatic (7). The symptom with the greatest connections and expected influence was work and interest (4) followed by depressed mood (1) and retardation (5).

No childhood trauma

The network among participants with a history of any childhood trauma comprised of 21 edges/connections. The strongest was between depressed mood (1) and suicidality (3).  Depressed mood (1), work and interest (4), and general somatic (7) had the greatest connections and expected influences.

Any childhood trauma

The networks among participants with a history of physical  trauma,  emotional  trauma,  and  sexual  abuse consisted of 21 edges/connections. Across networks, depressed mood (2) and loss of interest (1) had the greatest connections and expected influences.

Physical trauma, emotional trauma, and sexual abuse

There were no significant differences between the networks among participants with and without a history of childhood trauma.

Comparing all these networks

Pepperdine University

Depressed mood consistently emerged as a central symptom; regardless of participants' history of childhood trauma. Additionally, feelings of worthlessness emerged as a key symptom in the network of self-reported depressive symptoms among participants with—but not without—a history of childhood trauma.

Summary of results

1. A consistent finding was that depressed mood is a central symptom and/or core feature of depression in bipolar disorder, regardless of participants' history of childhood trauma.
2. Feelings of worthlessness emerged as an additional symptom for individuals with a history of childhood trauma.

Significant outcomes

Individuals with BD who have a history of childhood trauma report more depressive episodes and experience more severe depressive symptoms, than individuals with-out a history of childhood trauma.

Specific results

The network among participants without a history of child-hood trauma comprised 29 edges/connections. The strongest edge was between depressed mood (2) and suicidal ideation (9). The symptoms with the greatest connections to each other were depressed mood (2), loss of  interest (1), and insomnia/hypersomnia (3). The symptoms with the greatest expected influence were depressed mood (2), fatigue/loss of energy (4), and loss of interest (1).

The network among participants with a history of any childhood trauma consisted of 34 edges/connections. The strongest was between loss of interest (1) and depressed mood (2). Depressed mood (2), feelings of  worthlessness (6), and insomnia/hypersomnia (3) had the greatest connections. Depressed mood (2), loss of interest (1), and feelings of   worthlessness (6) had the greatest expected influence.

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