The network among participants without a history of child-hood trauma comprised 29 edges/connections. The strongest edge was between depressed mood (2) and suicidal ideation (9). The symptoms with the greatest connections to each other were depressed mood (2), loss of interest (1), and insomnia/hypersomnia (3). The symptoms with the greatest expected influence were depressed mood (2), fatigue/loss of energy (4), and loss of interest (1).

No childhood trauma

The network among participants with a history of any childhood trauma consisted of 34 edges/connections. The strongest was between loss of interest (1) and depressed mood (2). Depressed mood (2), feelings of worthlessness (6), and insomnia/hypersomnia (3) had the greatest connections. Depressed mood (2), loss of interest (1), and feelings of worthlessness (6) had the greatest expected influence.

Any childhood trauma

The networks among participants with a history of physical trauma, emotional trauma, and sexual abuse comprised of 32, 30, and 32 edges/connections. The symptoms with the greatest connections  were fatigue/loss of energy (4) for physical trauma, depressed mood (2) for  emotional  trauma, and fatigue/loss of energy (4) for sexual abuse. The symptoms with the greatest expected influence were depressed mood (2) for physical and emotional trauma and loss of interest (1) for sexual abuse.

Physical trauma, emotional trauma, and sexual abuse

There were no significant differences in strength/connection between the networks of people with and without a history of childhood trauma.

Comparing all these networks

Pepperdine University

Depressed mood consistently emerged as a central symptom; regardless of participants' history of childhood trauma. Additionally, feelings of worthlessness emerged as a key symptom in the network of self-reported depressive symptoms among participants with—but not without—a history of childhood trauma.

Summary of results

1. A consistent finding was that depressed mood is a central symptom and/or core feature of depression in bipolar disorder, regardless of participants' history of childhood trauma.
2. Feelings of worthlessness emerged as an additional symptom for individuals with a history of childhood trauma.

Significant outcomes

Individuals with BD who have a history of childhood trauma report more depressive episodes and experience more severe depressive symptoms, than individuals with-out a history of childhood trauma.

Specific results

The network among participants without a history of child-hood trauma comprised 29 edges/connections. The strongest edge was between depressed mood (2) and suicidal ideation (9). The symptoms with the greatest connections to each other were depressed mood (2), loss of  interest (1), and insomnia/hypersomnia (3). The symptoms with the greatest expected influence were depressed mood (2), fatigue/loss of energy (4), and loss of interest (1).

The network among participants with a history of any childhood trauma consisted of 34 edges/connections. The strongest was between loss of interest (1) and depressed mood (2). Depressed mood (2), feelings of  worthlessness (6), and insomnia/hypersomnia (3) had the greatest connections. Depressed mood (2), loss of interest (1), and feelings of   worthlessness (6) had the greatest expected influence.

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