This theory states that seizures caused by electroconvulsive therapy cause the hypothalamus to release chemicals. These chemicals may regulate mood.

Michigan State University

Currently, there is no definitive theory that explains the results that allow ECT to be an effective form of treatment. There have been around 100 theories proposed since the treatment has been available. The article discussed three current theories of electroconvulsive therapy. 

Theories on how ECT works

Payne, N. A., & Prudic, J. (2009). Electroconvulsive therapy: Part I. A perspective on the evolution and current practice of ECT. Journal of psychiatric practice, 15(5), 346–368. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000361277.65468.ef

Electroconvulsive therapy: Part I. A perspective on the evolution and current practice of ECT

The neurotransmitter theory hypothesizes that electroconvulsive therapy works like anti-depressant medication, and changes the way in which the brain receptors receive mood-related chemicals.

Neurotransmitter theory

This theory suggests that the seizures that electroconvulsive therapy induces actually cause the brain to become more accustomed to seizures and resist them. This added effort to reduce and stop seizures affects active brain circuits, which in turn stabilizes mood.

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