The neurotransmitter theory hypothesizes that electroconvulsive therapy works like anti-depressant medication, and changes the way in which the brain receptors receive mood-related chemicals.

Neurotransmitter theory

This theory suggests that the seizures that electroconvulsive therapy induces actually cause the brain to become more accustomed to seizures and resist them. This added effort to reduce and stop seizures affects active brain circuits, which in turn stabilizes mood.

Anticonvulsant theory

This theory states that seizures caused by electroconvulsive therapy cause the hypothalamus to release chemicals. These chemicals may regulate mood.

Neuroendocrine theory

Currently, there is no definitive theory that explains the results that allow ECT to be an effective form of treatment. There have been around 100 theories proposed since the treatment has been available. The article discussed three current theories of electroconvulsive therapy. 

Michigan State University

Studies have shown that ECT impacts the cognitive function of patients, but the long-term effects are still debated.

Cognitive Effects of ECT

Payne, N. A., & Prudic, J. (2009). Electroconvulsive therapy: Part I. A perspective on the evolution and current practice of ECT. Journal of psychiatric practice, 15(5), 346–368. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000361277.65468.ef

Electroconvulsive therapy: Part I. A perspective on the evolution and current practice of ECT

Based on this study, it is possible that the negative effects of ECT may not be as bad as previously thought. This indicates that ECT may be safe to apply to more patients. However, seeing as a scientific consensus has not been reached, more research is necessary before drawing any conclusions.

ECT Use in the Future

The referenced study compared patients in remission from depression-related ECT and healthy controls. After minimizing confounding variables, both groups underwent multiple tests. These included memory self-assessments, word/numerical recall, and drawing exercises. Ultimately, researchers concluded their was little difference between the control and experimental group.

Long-Term Effects of ECT on Cognition

Shortly after undergoing ECT, patients will experience impaired working memory, visual memory, and auditory memory. This impairment seems to be common in all patients who undergo ECT for at least a short amount of time. However, there is much debate over the long-term implications of the treatment.

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