Dendrites are branch-like extensions that project from a neuron's soma. They function as the primary input sites for the neuron, specializing in receiving signals transmitted from other nerve cells.

Dendrites

The axon is a major extension that leads away from the neuron's soma, varying in length from a fraction of an inch to several feet. Its primary role is to conduct electrical signals from the cell body down to its end, where it connects with other neurons at the terminal buttons.

Axon

A neuron's outer surface is composed of a semipermeable membrane that acts as a selective barrier. It allows smaller molecules and those lacking an electrical charge to pass through freely, while restricting the movement of larger molecules or those with a high electrical charge.

Semipermeable Membrane

The soma, also known as the cell body, is the core part of the neuron that houses the nucleus. It features branching extensions called dendrites that receive signals, and it plays a crucial role in transmitting these electrical signals onward toward the axon.

Soma (Neuron Cell Body)

Terminal buttons are structures at the end of an axon that contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters. When an action potential reaches these buttons, it triggers the vesicles to release their neurotransmitters, facilitating communication with other neurons across the synaptic cleft.

Terminal Buttons

The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that often covers axons, acting as an insulator. This covering is crucial for increasing the speed at which neural impulses are transmitted along the axon.

Myelin Sheath

A neurological disorder is characterized by a significant slowing of the electrical signal as it travels down the long extension of a nerve cell, leading to symptoms like muscle weakness and poor coordination. Given this information, which part of the nerve cell is most likely deteriorating?

Analyze the following scenario and identify the most likely affected structural component of the nerve cell, explaining the connection between its function and the patient's symptoms.

Neural Signal Transmission Disorder

Neurons consist of several different parts, each serving a specialized function. A neuron’s outer surface is made up of a semipermeable membrane. Other parts of the neuron include the dendrite, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons. A myelin sheath covers part of the neuron.

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University of Chicago

Neurons are specialized cells located in the nervous system that send information between different parts of the body and the brain.

Neurons

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

When two neurons repeatedly become stimulated, the signal transmission between them gets enhanced. This enhancement is known as long-term potentiation (LTP). 

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