Offline messages present a potential target because each message must be stored by a swarm of nine nodes. Potential abuse could arise where a malicious user overloads a particular swarm with a high volume of messages that it would have to store. 

University of Connecticut

- Offline messages
- Path Creation
- Solution

Service Attacks - Problems and Solutions in Loki

https://loki.network/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/LokiWhitepaperV3_1.pdf

Loki Whitepaper

Offline Messages

With path creation attacks, the attacker engages in the path creation process with as many nodes as possible, taking up bandwidth resources and denying service to actual users who are trying to create paths through the network. 

Path Creation

To prevent both attacks, Loki requires that a short proof-of-work be attached when either messages and paths are created. With messages, this proof-of-work is calculated as a hash of the message. For path creation, the proof-of-work is sent along with the request for a node to be included in the path building process. 

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