Offline messages present a potential target because each message must be stored by a swarm of nine nodes. Potential abuse could arise where a malicious user overloads a particular swarm with a high volume of messages that it would have to store. 

Offline Messages

With path creation attacks, the attacker engages in the path creation process with as many nodes as possible, taking up bandwidth resources and denying service to actual users who are trying to create paths through the network. 

Path Creation

To prevent both attacks, Loki requires that a short proof-of-work be attached when either messages and paths are created. With messages, this proof-of-work is calculated as a hash of the message. For path creation, the proof-of-work is sent along with the request for a node to be included in the path building process. 

Loki's Solution to Attacks

- Offline messages
- Path Creation
- Solution

University of Connecticut

Many cryptocurrencies are forced to implement either a fee-for-service model or a proof-of-work model. In fee-for-service models such as Siacoin, users pay for the services that they use. While fee-for-service models are effective at reducing Sybil attacks,  they drive many users away from the system especially when similar services are available for free. Proof-of-work systems such as those used in Hashcash and Nano require users to calculate a small proof- of-work before sending a message or transaction. These small proof-of-work systems can be more egalitarian than the fee-for-service model but can be vulnerable to attackers who possess large amounts of computing power. 

Service Attacks Definition

https://loki.network/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/LokiWhitepaperV3_1.pdf

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