* Heroin
* Morphine
* Methadone
* Codeine
* Opium
* Fentanyl
* Oxycodone
* Vicodin
* Other prescription pain relievers

Examples of Opioids

* Decreased pain
* Pupil constriction
* Decreased gut motility
* Decreased respiratory function

Opioids Effects on the Body

* Pain relief
* Euphoria
* Sleepiness
* High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression

Effects of Opioids when Used

Methadone is a synthetic opioid that produces less euphoria than heroin or similar drugs. It is administered to individuals experiencing opioid withdrawal to make the process less difficult by managing symptoms.

Methadone

Which of the following drugs are often used for pain relief?

Opiates are natural opioids derived from opium, a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant.

Opiates

The Opioid Crisis in the United States has had a profound societal impact, affecting countless individuals to the point where many people personally know someone who has died from an overdose. The situation escalated to a critical level, and by 2019, opioid overdoses were responsible for an average of 130 deaths per day in the U.S.

Opioid Crisis

Synthetic opioids are synthetic versions of opiate drugs that are classified as opioids, have very potent painkilling effects, and are often abused.

Synthetic Opioids

Misuse and abuse of prescription opioid painkillers such as hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns.

Prescription Opioid Painkiller Misuse

Opioid analgesics are opioids that have analgesic properties, meaning they reduce pain.

Opioid Analgesics

Heroin is an opioid drug that has historically been a major drug of abuse.

Heroin as an Opioid Drug of Abuse

Opioid-like compounds can be used medically for purposes beyond pain relief, including in cough suppressant, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications.

Medical Uses of Opioid-Like Compounds

The body can develop physiological addiction to opioid drugs in less than a week, even when a patient takes the drugs as prescribed.

Rapid Physiological Addiction to Opioid Drugs

Opioids are pain-reducing drugs, such as heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine, that can mimic the body's endogenous opioid painkilling system. Because this system reduces pain and can produce euphoria, opioids have a high potential for abuse.

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- Psychotherapeutics

- Opioids

- Depressants

- Marijuana

- Hallucinogens

- Stimulants

- Nicotine


Psychoactive Drugs

* Opioids
* Depressants
* Hallucinogens
* Stimulants

Psychologically Addictive Psychoactive Drugs

Benyamin R;Trescot AM;Datta S;Buenaventura R;Adlaka R;Sehgal N;Glaser SE;Vallejo R; (n.d.). Opioid complications and side effects. Pain physician. Retrieved March 27, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18443635/ 

Opioid complications and side effects

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Diagram of psychoactive drugs

Stimulants are drugs that send more messages throughout the body. You feel more awake, energetic, and alert. Simulants are also a type of psychotropic medication that can be prescribed for ADHD. Common brand names are Adderall and Ritalin. They work by improving the individual's ability to focus on tasks and maintain attention. Some of the side effects include lack of appetite, sleeping probelms, stomachache, and headache.

Stimulants

A cannabinoid is any substance that attaches to the cannabinoid receptors in the brain. There are three types of cannabinoids include; recreational, medicinal, and synthetic.

- Cannabis
- Hemp
- THC

Cannabinoids

Empathogens increase a persons feeling of empathy through the release of dopamine and serotonin. Through the release of serotonin, there is an increase in mood, appetite, and sleep.

- Ethylone
- MDMA

Empathogens

Psychedelics, another name being hallucinogens, are a class of drug that changes perceptions and mood. They affect a persons thinking, emotions, and sense of time.

Psychedelics

A class of psychoactive drugs that is often characterized with symptoms of distorted perceptions and detachment.

- PCP
- Ketamine

Dissociatives

Hallucinogens are a category of psychoactive drugs known for causing significant distortions in a user's sensory and perceptual experiences, affecting how a person sees, feels, and perceives the world. This class of drugs is notably diverse, impacting a variety of different neurotransmitter systems.

Hallucinogens

Depressants, also known as sedative-hypnotics, are a class of psychoactive drugs that suppress the activity of the central nervous system. Due to their quieting effect on the brain, they are often prescribed by medical professionals to manage conditions such as anxiety and insomnia.

Depressants (Sedative-Hypnotics)

The effects produced by all psychoactive drugs are a result of their interactions with the body's natural, or endogenous, neurotransmitter systems.

Psychoactive Drugs' Interaction with Neurotransmitter Systems

The human body possesses an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system. This system naturally produces small amounts of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors, resulting in pain reduction and feelings of euphoria.

Endogenous Opioid System

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is an organization that provides informational resources, such as the 'Commonly Abused Drugs Chart' and the 'Commonly Abused Prescription Drugs Chart,' for individuals seeking to learn more about frequently misused prescription and street drugs.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Resources

An individual is observed to have constricted pupils, slurred speech, and a significantly slowed breathing rate. They appear drowsy and disoriented. This specific combination of physiological and behavioral effects is most characteristic of which class of psychoactive substances?

Opioid Drugs

A hallucinogen is one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time.

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