University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Protocols define the rules for exchanging data reliably or efficiently across networks:

* **Internet Protocol (IP):** Operates on a best-effort basis to deliver packets from source to destination using IP addresses, offering no inherent guarantees regarding delivery or packet ordering.
* **Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):** Provides reliable, ordered delivery. TCP numbers data segments, tracks receipts, and retransmits lost packets. It is suited for applications requiring high data accuracy, such as web pages, file transfers, and email.
* **User Datagram Protocol (UDP):** A lightweight, connectionless protocol that sends data without delivery confirmations or ordering guarantees. UDP is preferred where speed is prioritized over lossless transmission, such as live video streams, voice calls, and online gaming.
* **Application & Configuration Protocols:** HTTP and HTTPS govern web page retrieval (HTTPS wraps HTTP inside TLS encryption). DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses and network configuration to devices when they join a network.

Core Transport and Network Protocols

Match each network protocol to its primary operational characteristics or use case.

The protocol HTTPS governs secure web page retrieval by wrapping standard HTTP inside ___ encryption.

Order the process Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses to achieve reliable data delivery when segment loss occurs.

Identify the appropriate transport protocol for each service and explain why each protocol fits its respective service based on delivery guarantees and performance priorities.

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