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Outcomes of a Null Hypothesis Test
In null hypothesis testing, researchers make one of two formal decisions (to reject or retain the null hypothesis) concerning one of two possible states of reality (the null hypothesis is actually true or false). This intersection creates a matrix of four distinct possible outcomes. Two outcomes are correct decisions: rejecting a false null hypothesis and retaining a true one. The remaining two outcomes are statistical errors: rejecting a true null hypothesis (Type I error) and retaining a false null hypothesis (Type II error).
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
Related
t-Test
Outcomes of a Null Hypothesis Test
Informativeness of Null Hypothesis Testing
Defense of Null Hypothesis Testing
The 2015 Ban on Null Hypothesis Testing
Effect Size
Confidence Interval
Criticisms of Null Hypothesis Testing
Mehl's Study on Talkativeness
Kanner's Study on Hassles and Symptoms
Logic of Null Hypothesis Testing
What is the primary purpose of null hypothesis testing in psychological research?
If a researcher wants to evaluate whether an observed difference between two sample groups is just a coincidence rather than a real effect, they would use null hypothesis testing.
A social psychologist is investigating the 'Bystander Effect' to see if the presence of others reduces the speed of helping. Arrange the logical steps of the Null Hypothesis Testing process in the correct order as they would be applied to this specific research scenario.
In psychological research, null hypothesis testing requires researchers to distinguish between initial assumptions, mathematical thresholds, and formal conclusions about the population. Match each term with its specific logical interpretation within this framework.
Reject the Null Hypothesis
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In the field of psychological research, null hypothesis testing is recognized as the most common approach to which branch of statistics?
Null hypothesis testing involves several interconnected concepts and decision points. Match each term with the statement that best describes its role in the null hypothesis testing process.
In the formal process of null hypothesis testing, a researcher evaluates the probability () that an observed result occurred by random chance. If this probability is lower than the significance threshold (), the researcher makes the final evaluative judgment to _____ the null hypothesis.
Dr. Smith conducts an experiment on a sample of participants and finds that those who receive a new cognitive training show higher memory scores than those who do not. To evaluate whether this observed difference is likely just a fluke of random chance or if it reflects a genuine difference in the broader population, Dr. Smith should use null hypothesis testing.
Null hypothesis testing is the most common approach to _____ statistics in psychological research, serving as a structured process to decide between random chance and genuine population relationships.
Arrange the steps a researcher takes when using null hypothesis testing to evaluate a research outcome, from the initial conceptual setup to the final population-level judgment.
Learn After
In the matrix of possible outcomes for null hypothesis testing, which decision corresponds to a Type II error?
Match each possible outcome of a null hypothesis test to its corresponding scenario.
A researcher investigates whether listening to classical music improves performance on a spatial reasoning task. In reality, the music has no effect on performance in the population. However, the researcher’s study finds a statistically significant result, leading them to reject the null hypothesis. True or False: This researcher has committed a Type I error.
A researcher investigates a new cognitive therapy that truly reduces depressive symptoms. However, the study results are not statistically significant, leading the researcher to conclude that the therapy is ineffective. Arrange the steps below to logically sequence how this specific statistical outcome was reached.
A researcher is developing a new automated results-reporting system for psychological experiments. To 'create' a logical 'flag' that specifically identifies whenever a study has committed a 'Type II Error' (a 'missed' effect), which assembly of researcher decision and population reality must the developer program the system to detect?
A Type II error occurs when a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in reality.
A researcher reports a statistically significant result () and rejects the null hypothesis. For this outcome to be evaluated as a 'correct decision'—rather than a Type I error—the null hypothesis must actually be _____ in the population.
A researcher is evaluating different scenarios from a completed memory experiment. Match each research scenario to its corresponding outcome in the null hypothesis testing matrix.
In a study on attention, the researchers find a statistically significant difference and decide to reject the null hypothesis. If there is actually no difference between the groups in the population, the researchers have committed a _____.
Order the steps a researcher must take to evaluate a study's outcome and determine which specific cell of the 2x2 null hypothesis testing matrix has been reached.