PAK1 has the ability to suppress B-cells and T-cells.

PAK1 activation can suppress the immune system 

PAK1 is activated by RAC, and caffeic acid from propolis has demonstrated its ability to inactivate RAC, consequently inactivating PAK1, which can potentially lead to reduction in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.

How the interactions of Propolis with PAK1 may help fight COVID-19 

PAK-1, a pathogenic kinase, is currently a target for COVID-19 therapy as it is involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

Santa Clara University

Propolis can block PAK-1, a pathogenic kinase. When abnormally activated, it plays a key role in the development of cancer, malaria and viral infections, inflammation and immune-suppression. Lung fibrosis, a symptom in COVID-19 patients, is a consequence of PAK-1 activation. 


 Propolis blocks PAK-1 and and can contributes to alleviation of COVID-19 symptoms 



Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M., Cóndor Capcha, J. M., & De Jong, D. (2020). Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 131, 110622. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622

Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19

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