boys tended to only be affected by their parent's level of appraisal, not behavior or punishment from them.

New York University

parental support and a child's self esteem tends to be both positively correlated reciprocal in that parents effect self esteem as well as self esteem affecting the level parental support reported.

parents and self-esteem

Felson, R.B., Zielinski, M.A. (1989).Children's Self-esteem and Parental Support.Journal of Marriage and Family. 51(3), 727-735.

children's self esteem and parental support

those who are orphans tend to have higher self-esteem despite their hardships. This lack of parental support forced them to grow up and mature faster thus leading to a high self-sufficiency to survive in the real world.

orphaned children and levels of self-esteem

parents and self esteem in boys

Low self-esteem children also report less parental support and praise compared to individuals with high self-esteem .They also tend to take part in more deviant behavior which further decreases parental support and appraisal. Children with high self esteem report more praise and affection than low-self esteemed children.

self-esteem and effects on parental support

in general parental behavior more highly affects girls than boys. punishment from their father's more heavily affected their self-esteem than punishment from their mothers. parental appraisal affected their self-esteem equally to its effect on boys.

parents and self esteem in girls

positive appraisal and support from parents tends to have a positive effect on their children's self-esteem and benefits the relationship between the parent and child. 

examples of positive appraisal include:
- praising children
- showing affection
- being supportive of their children's interests
- being attentive when the child is speaking

examples of positive parental behavior

Self-efficacy and self-esteem have been shown as important predictors of QOL in caregivers. Studies show that parents with higher self-efficacy show better mental and physical health, a better relationship with their environment, and a decrease in anxiety. Positive self-esteem was also shown to be the strongest predictor of subject well-being

Self Esteem and Self Efficacy in Caregivers

Proposed by Diana Baumrind, this theory suggests that parenting styles are a significant factor in a child's socioemotional development and the formation of a healthy self-concept. The theory outlines four primary styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved, each describing a different approach to raising children.

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