those who are orphans tend to have higher self-esteem despite their hardships. This lack of parental support forced them to grow up and mature faster thus leading to a high self-sufficiency to survive in the real world.

orphaned children and levels of self-esteem

boys tended to only be affected by their parent's level of appraisal, not behavior or punishment from them.

parents and self esteem in boys

Low self-esteem children also report less parental support and praise compared to individuals with high self-esteem .They also tend to take part in more deviant behavior which further decreases parental support and appraisal. Children with high self esteem report more praise and affection than low-self esteemed children.

self-esteem and effects on parental support

in general parental behavior more highly affects girls than boys. punishment from their father's more heavily affected their self-esteem than punishment from their mothers. parental appraisal affected their self-esteem equally to its effect on boys.

parents and self esteem in girls

positive appraisal and support from parents tends to have a positive effect on their children's self-esteem and benefits the relationship between the parent and child. 

examples of positive appraisal include:
- praising children
- showing affection
- being supportive of their children's interests
- being attentive when the child is speaking

examples of positive parental behavior

Self-efficacy and self-esteem have been shown as important predictors of QOL in caregivers. Studies show that parents with higher self-efficacy show better mental and physical health, a better relationship with their environment, and a decrease in anxiety. Positive self-esteem was also shown to be the strongest predictor of subject well-being

Self Esteem and Self Efficacy in Caregivers

Proposed by Diana Baumrind, this theory suggests that parenting styles are a significant factor in a child's socioemotional development and the formation of a healthy self-concept. The theory outlines four primary styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved, each describing a different approach to raising children.

Diana Baumrind's Theory of Parenting Styles

parental support and a child's self esteem tends to be both positively correlated reciprocal in that parents effect self esteem as well as self esteem affecting the level parental support reported.

New York University

Parents

Peers

Teachers

Age

Physical appearance

Gender

Academic achievement

Sources of self-esteem

Felson, R.B., Zielinski, M.A. (1989).Children's Self-esteem and Parental Support.Journal of Marriage and Family. 51(3), 727-735.

children's self esteem and parental support

Praise is able to increase a person's self-esteem and can encourage people to work hard on their tasks. Praise can be in the form of approval or awards.

Effect of praise on self-esteem

Peer victimization is when a student is bullied or aggressed constantly for a period of time by their peers. It varies from student to student on how frequent and when they are victimized. Being victimized by peers has lasting effects for students academically, psychologically, and socially.

Peer Victimization 

parents and self-esteem

peers tend to boost a person's self-esteem due to the accepting environment they provide that may not be otherwise present in other parts of the student's life.

peers and self-esteem

there seems to not be a significant discrepancy between those who are high achievers and those who are not. This is due to low achievers tending to devote their attention to things that boost their self-esteem (i.e. sports, hanging with peers) rather than school which threatens their self-esteem.

achievement levels and self-esteem 

self esteem tends to increase from childhood into young adulthood, taking a slight decrease during young adolescent years (13-18). Once a person reaches 30 years old, self-esteem tends to stabilize and remains the same for the rest of their lives. Genders also differ on the times when their self-esteem increases and decreases during their adolescent years.

age and self esteem

overall, males tend to have higher self esteem than females, especially throughout young adulthood, however the difference is not very large. 

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