Patriotic hackers are seen as cyber-militia as their main targets are perceived enemy countries (governments) and citizens. Patriotic hackers are not government sanctioned. 

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Hacktivism is when individuals or groups electronically break into organizations, groups, companies, etc. networks in order to achieve social and political change.
There are three main types of hacktivism:
   - Cyberterrorism
   - Civic hackers
   - Patriotic hackers 

Hacktivism: Digital gladiatorial activities

George, Jordana & Leidner, Dorothy. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 29. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 

From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism

Cyberterrorism is a type of hacktivism in which the hacker spreads viruses and malware on "enemy" networks. They also vandalize websites, create issues with service (selling products), and botnet attacks 

Cyberterrorism (Hacktivism): Digital gladiatorial activities

Civic hackers are hackers that are better known as white hat hackers in which they hack for "good". They hack companies to help them find bugs in their systems. This way the hackers can build and update digital security systems for companies and the government.  

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