Cyberterrorism is a type of hacktivism in which the hacker spreads viruses and malware on "enemy" networks. They also vandalize websites, create issues with service (selling products), and botnet attacks 

Cyberterrorism (Hacktivism): Digital gladiatorial activities

Civic hackers are hackers that are better known as white hat hackers in which they hack for "good". They hack companies to help them find bugs in their systems. This way the hackers can build and update digital security systems for companies and the government.  

Civic hackers (Hacktivism): Digital gladiatorial activities

Patriotic hackers are seen as cyber-militia as their main targets are perceived enemy countries (governments) and citizens. Patriotic hackers are not government sanctioned. 

Patriotic hackers (Hacktivism): Digital gladiatorial activities

Hacktivism is when individuals or groups electronically break into organizations, groups, companies, etc. networks in order to achieve social and political change.
There are three main types of hacktivism:
   - Cyberterrorism
   - Civic hackers
   - Patriotic hackers 

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Digital gladiatorial activities are actions with the least volume but the greatest impact. 
There are three categories of actions:

  - Data activism
  - Exposure 
  - Hacktivism

Digital gladiatorial activities: Hierarchy of digital activism

George, Jordana & Leidner, Dorothy. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 29. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 

From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism

Data activism is actions that promote open data. These actions can be creating and sharing online spaces that hold data. Flighting for open data from the government can result in some hacking activities. 

Data activism: Digital gladiatorial activities

Exposure is an action better known as a leak in which classified information is shared with the public. The individual who shared the information is most likely somewhat affiliated with the organization or group.

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