Data activism is actions that promote open data. These actions can be creating and sharing online spaces that hold data. Flighting for open data from the government can result in some hacking activities. 

Data activism: Digital gladiatorial activities

Exposure is an action better known as a leak in which classified information is shared with the public. The individual who shared the information is most likely somewhat affiliated with the organization or group.

Exposure: Digital gladiatorial activities

Hacktivism is when individuals or groups electronically break into organizations, groups, companies, etc. networks in order to achieve social and political change.
There are three main types of hacktivism:
   - Cyberterrorism
   - Civic hackers
   - Patriotic hackers 

Hacktivism: Digital gladiatorial activities

Digital gladiatorial activities are actions with the least volume but the greatest impact. 
There are three categories of actions:

  - Data activism
  - Exposure 
  - Hacktivism

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There are three groups that individuals and organizations can be separated into based on their actions/activities

- Digital gladiatorial activities
- Digital transitional activities
- Digital spectator activities


Hierarchy of digital activism

George, Jordana & Leidner, Dorothy. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 29. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 

From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism

Digital spectator activities are the most common forms of participation and as such have the largest volume of actions. 

There are three categories of actions:

    - Clicktivism
    - Metavoicing
    - Assertion

Digital spectator activities: Hierarchy of digital activism

Digital transition activities are the middle category in regards to impact and volume of actions.
There are four categories of actions:

     - Political consumerism
     - Digital petitions
     - Botivism
     - E-funding

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