Clicktivism adds endorsement (legitimacy, validation, and authority) to existing posts and movements by liking and following a post, blog, or activist

Clicktivism: Digital spectator activities

Metavoicing is the action of sharing, retweeting, reposting, and commenting on posts this helps reinforce ideas, values, and information that can be seen on the original post.

 Metavoicing: Digital spectator activities

Assertion actions are actions that create content. The created posted content can be seen in the form of videos, images, and information. Letters to policymakers and government is also a form of content creation. 

Assertion: Digital spectator activities

Digital spectator activities are the most common forms of participation and as such have the largest volume of actions. 

There are three categories of actions:

    - Clicktivism
    - Metavoicing
    - Assertion

Albion College

There are three groups that individuals and organizations can be separated into based on their actions/activities

- Digital gladiatorial activities
- Digital transitional activities
- Digital spectator activities


Hierarchy of digital activism

George, Jordana & Leidner, Dorothy. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 29. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 

From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism

Digital spectator activities: Hierarchy of digital activism

Digital transition activities are the middle category in regards to impact and volume of actions.
There are four categories of actions:

     - Political consumerism
     - Digital petitions
     - Botivism
     - E-funding

Digital transitional activities: Hierarchy of digital activism

Digital gladiatorial activities are actions with the least volume but the greatest impact. 
There are three categories of actions:

  - Data activism
  - Exposure 
  - Hacktivism

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