Clicktivism adds endorsement (legitimacy, validation, and authority) to existing posts and movements by liking and following a post, blog, or activist

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Digital spectator activities are the most common forms of participation and as such have the largest volume of actions. 

There are three categories of actions:

    - Clicktivism
    - Metavoicing
    - Assertion

Digital spectator activities: Hierarchy of digital activism

Clicktivism is a way that individuals can show support for different political and social causes through social media posts and petitions. This type of support requires little to no effort or commitment and often looked down upon because of it.

Clicktivism

George, Jordana & Leidner, Dorothy. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 29. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 

From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism

Clicktivism: Digital spectator activities

Metavoicing is the action of sharing, retweeting, reposting, and commenting on posts this helps reinforce ideas, values, and information that can be seen on the original post.

 Metavoicing: Digital spectator activities

Assertion actions are actions that create content. The created posted content can be seen in the form of videos, images, and information. Letters to policymakers and government is also a form of content creation. 

Assertion: Digital spectator activities

Clicktivism can allow for information to be spread easily regarding a crisis. The issue is that the information spread is not always accurate which can cause major issues in dealing with a crisis for example the Boston Marathon Bombing. Another issue is that Clicktivism has a timespan meaning that once the wow factor or drama is gone then so is the attention from digital volunteers.   

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