Metavoicing is the action of sharing, retweeting, reposting, and commenting on posts this helps reinforce ideas, values, and information that can be seen on the original post.

Albion College

Digital spectator activities are the most common forms of participation and as such have the largest volume of actions. 

There are three categories of actions:

    - Clicktivism
    - Metavoicing
    - Assertion

Digital spectator activities: Hierarchy of digital activism

George, Jordana & Leidner, Dorothy. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 29. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 

From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism

Clicktivism adds endorsement (legitimacy, validation, and authority) to existing posts and movements by liking and following a post, blog, or activist

Clicktivism: Digital spectator activities

 Metavoicing: Digital spectator activities

Assertion actions are actions that create content. The created posted content can be seen in the form of videos, images, and information. Letters to policymakers and government is also a form of content creation. 

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