- Those who underwent PerRSA protocols ranked their memory confidence a significant amount higher than the noRSA group. 
- They also ranked their perceptual confidence much higher than the MemRSA and noRSA groups. 
- The PerRSA group was less susceptible to misinformation, so they were more likely to rely on their own perceptions of an event, as opposed to outside information.

PerRSA and the Misinformation Effect

An RSA protocol aimed at increasing one's confidence in their perceptual abilities. Ex. Having subjects identify as any differences between two pictures as possible. Telling participants that they found more differences than the average person. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

A technique used to increase one's self-confidence. Can involve having a person consider their greatest achievements and giving them positive feedback about their cognitive abilities. 

Reinforced Self-Affirmation (RSA)

Szpitalak, M. & Polczyk, R. (2019). Inducing resistance to the misinformation
effect by means of reinforced self-affirmation: The importance of positive feedback. PLoS ONE 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210987

Inducing resistance to the misinformation
effect by means of reinforced self-affirmation: The importance of positive feedback

Using an RSA paradigm increases a person's self confidence, decreasing their susceptibility to the misinformation effect. Positive feedback is a relatively simple tool that could be used to make people less likely to be tricked by misleading information. 

RSA and the misinformation effect

An RSA protocol aimed at increasing one's confidence in their memory. Ex: Asking subjects to memorize as many words as possible from a collection. Telling them they scored above average on their memory. 

Memory Reinforced Self-Affirmation

Perceptual Reinforced Self-Affirmation

An RSA protocol aimed at making someone feel like a more independent thinker. Ex. Giving a personality test and showing results like "You are an independent thinker", "You like to share your opinions", "You subconsciously rely on your intuition", etc. 

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