Redness, irritation, and bleeding in the gums surrounding teeth is a sign of inflammation caused by periodontal disease (gingivitis). Other signs of the disease, particularly in its advanced stages, include receded gums, notable exposure of teeth below the crown, movement and loss of teeth, erosion of the jaw bone, and bad breath. 

Periodontal Diseases: Signs and Symptoms

Accumulating plaque can bleed into the gingival space, causing it to become anaerobic and allowing for bacteria such as Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Porphyromonas to colonize. Bacterial products promote inflammation and tissue damage. Methanogenic archaeans have been theorized to also contribute to periodontal disease progression.

University of Notre Dame

Disease caused by microbial infections leading to inflammation and damage in tissues and areas around the teeth.

Periodontal Disease

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Periodontal Diseases Caused by Plaque-Associated Bacteria

Periodontal disease can cause some conditions to develop including:

- Gingivitis
- Periodontitis
- Trench Mouth

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