While there is no one designated cause for PPD, there are a few factors which can contribute to the onset of major depressive disorder after giving birth. 

Similar to the end of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle, childbirth can lead to a major drop off in serotonin and dopamine producers, estrogen and progesterone. This creates a major deficit in the "happier" sides of emotional regulation and can be part of the hormonal relation to PPD.

Additionally, many different sources have noticed a correlation between those who have low social support and/or high stress during pregnancy and the development of depressive symptoms after childbirth. 

PPD: Causes

While symptoms of PPD are commonly seen as comparable to major depressive disorder, there are a variety of differences between the two. Not only are there different types of PPD, meaning varying levels of intensity, but  the depressive and negative symptoms of PPD tend to revolve around the infant and adjustment to parental care. For example, a depressive episode for someone with PPD could include worries about not being a good enough parent, or become as intense as thoughts of harming the child.

PPD: Symptoms

Based on the timing of the symptom onset described in the case study, would a mental health professional consider using the 'peripartum onset' specifier for a major depressive episode? Explain your reasoning.

Diagnostic Specifier Application

The term "postpartum depression" is the common name for the formal DSM-5 specifier "peripartum onset." This specifier is used for major depressive episodes that begin during pregnancy or within the initial four weeks after giving birth.

Rutgers University

Google

Many different factors are commonly examined when attempting to understand mental health, such as: health-based criteria, and individual’s level of function, and their self-reported symptoms. However, many studies on mental health (particularly mood-based disorders) tend to neglect the impact of the menstrual cycle and other bodily hormones which strongly influence an individual’s mood and overall wellness.
The menstrual cycle is commonly ignored in research about mood disorders, due to its uncontrollability which would generate variation in results. However, understanding the menstrual cycle and its effects on mood and physicality can allow for a better overall understanding of the mind and body.

Hormonal Influences on Mental Health

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

The reproductive hormone cycle for those assigned female at birth consists of phases which can yield daily-life changes for both one’s physicality and mental state. The phases include: the menses (bleeding period), follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.

When studying mood disorders, understanding this cycle is crucial. As the hormone levels spike, peak, and drop throughout the entirety of the menstrual cycle, an individual can experience a variety of symptoms, including (but not limited to) low mood, trouble focusing, and depleted energy. Studies on mood disorders tend to neglect the impact of the menstrual cycle on these symptoms, which may also be characteristics of mood disorders, making it difficult to get a full grasp on a treatment’s efficacy or a study’s generalizability — particularly for those who menstruate.

The Menstrual Cycle

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, otherwise known as PMDD, can be more easily understood as a more severe form of Premenstrual Syndrome, or PMS. In this manner, symptoms are stronger and longer-lasting, and tend to coincide with (and worsen) pre-existing mental health conditions, such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and bipolar disorder. There is seen to be correlation between those with a history of trauma, physical or emotional abuse, and extreme stress who are diagnosed with PMDD, yet no specific causes (hormonal/physical) are fully known. 

Learn Before

Related

Learn After