There is strong evidence that the Th1 response has been the key to controlling both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the betacoronavirus genus, which means that the Th1 pathway may also be key to controlling it.

The Th1 Pathway

- One example the authors recommend is type I IFN administration because when type I IFN is delayed, the virus is able to replicate, allowing for the influx of macrophages/neutrophils and this contributes to the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm (where the body starts to attack its own immune cells). 


The Type 1 IFN Pathway

There are many aspects of the immune response pathway that can be targeted for development of a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. 

Santa Clara University

The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects type 2 alveolar cells with the ACE2 receptor in the lung. The virus may suppress anti-viral IFN, leading to viral replication, causing increased neutrophils and macrophages and over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also, Th1/Th17 might be activated, increasing the inflammatory response. The B cells and plasma cells produce SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. 


Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Summary

Prompetchara, Eakachai, et al. “Immune Responses in COVID-19 and Potential Vaccines: Lessons Learned from SARS and MERS Epidemic.” Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 38, 2020, pp. 1–9., doi:10.12932/ap-200220-0772.

https://apjai-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/1.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1kVlFnoc6mobqEy7FDz_93fX__AaY8ZgE4TUwtjzhh8oVqgs82rgf3QoU

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