In a study by Lui et al., it was found that low concentrations of garlic oil-led  the majority of T-helper cells to respond toward the Th1 type. At high concentrations of garlic oil, T-helper cells were more oriented toward the Th2 type. 
However, a study from Zamani et. Al demonstrated that in rats, garlic oil oriented T-helper cells more toward the Th2 type by increasing IL-4 production in the spleen blood cells.

How garlic oil affects T-helper cells 

There is strong evidence that the Th1 response has been the key to controlling both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the betacoronavirus genus, which means that the Th1 pathway may also be key to controlling it.

Smith College

There are many aspects of the immune response pathway that can be targeted for development of a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. 

Possible Vaccine Interventions based off the Innate Immune Response Pathway to SARS-CoV-2

Prompetchara, Eakachai, et al. “Immune Responses in COVID-19 and Potential Vaccines: Lessons Learned from SARS and MERS Epidemic.” Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 38, 2020, pp. 1–9., doi:10.12932/ap-200220-0772.

https://apjai-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/1.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1kVlFnoc6mobqEy7FDz_93fX__AaY8ZgE4TUwtjzhh8oVqgs82rgf3QoU

Immune Responses in COVID-19 and Potential Vaccines: Lessons Learned from SARS and MERS Epidemic

The Th1 Pathway

- One example the authors recommend is type I IFN administration because when type I IFN is delayed, the virus is able to replicate, allowing for the influx of macrophages/neutrophils and this contributes to the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm (where the body starts to attack its own immune cells). 


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