Archaeological evidence suggests that prehistoric people attempted to treat infections and illnesses despite having a limited understanding of disease. A key example is Ötzi the Iceman, a ${}5300$-year-old mummy discovered frozen in the ice of the Ötzal Alps in ${}1991$. Researchers found that Ötzi was infected with the eggs of the parasite Trichuris trichiura (which may cause anemia and abdominal pain) and showed evidence of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (which causes Lyme disease). Ötzi may have attempted to treat his health ailments using the woody fruit of the Fomitopsis betulinus fungus, which has antibiotic and laxative properties and was found tied to his belongings. Additionally, he was covered in tattoos created by cutting incisions into his skin, filling them with herbs, and burning the herbs, which researchers speculate was another medical treatment attempt.