1. Meyer’s experiments tested the overall recall 
2. Text is too short and has a relatively simple structure 

Flaws of the experiments 

1. examine only the free recall for information directly related to the signaling devices
2. examine the free recall for information in the text content  

Lorch’s experiments found that signaling devices can improve free recall on both the topics and the text content

One of the researchers Meyer has conducted several experiments on investigating whether headings would improve people recalling the information, and the results showed that headings would not improve people recalling information. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Dee-Lucas & DiVesta, 1980; 
- Loman & Mayer, 1983; 
- Lorch & Lorch, 1985, 1995, 1996a, 1996b; 
- Lorch, Lorch, & Inman, 1993; 
- Meyer, Brandt, & Bluth, 1980; 
- Meyer & Rice, 1982

Experiments suggesting that headings would result in a better recall of expository text 

Lorch, R. F., Lorch, E. P., &amp; Inman, W. E. (1993). Effects of signaling topic structure on text recall. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.85.2.281 

Effects of Signaling Topic Structure on Text Recall

Sanchez, Rebecca Polley ; Lorch, Elizabeth Pugzles ; Lorch, Robert F. (n.d.). Effects of Headings on Text Processing Strategies. Contemporary educational psychology. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Inc.

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