1. more topics were recalled for signaled text
2. text recall is higher for simple text than complex text (signaled text)
3. text recall is higher for short text than long text (signaled text)

Results of Lorch’s first experiment

1. people recall more of the ideas under each topic when the text is signaled 
2. recalled information is more organized if the text is signaled 

Results Lorch’s second experiment

1. examine only the free recall for information directly related to the signaling devices
2. examine the free recall for information in the text content  

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

One of the researchers Meyer has conducted several experiments on investigating whether headings would improve people recalling the information, and the results showed that headings would not improve people recalling information. 

Previous Experiments have failed in supporting the beneficial effects of headings on overall recall

Lorch, R. F., Lorch, E. P., &amp; Inman, W. E. (1993). Effects of signaling topic structure on text recall. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.85.2.281 

Effects of Signaling Topic Structure on Text Recall

1. Meyer’s experiments tested the overall recall 
2. Text is too short and has a relatively simple structure 

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