1. more topics were recalled for signaled text
2. text recall is higher for simple text than complex text (signaled text)
3. text recall is higher for short text than long text (signaled text)

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

1. examine only the free recall for information directly related to the signaling devices
2. examine the free recall for information in the text content  

Lorch’s experiments found that signaling devices can improve free recall on both the topics and the text content

Lorch, R. F., Lorch, E. P., &amp; Inman, W. E. (1993). Effects of signaling topic structure on text recall. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.85.2.281 

Effects of Signaling Topic Structure on Text Recall

Results of Lorch’s first experiment

1. people recall more of the ideas under each topic when the text is signaled 
2. recalled information is more organized if the text is signaled 

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