- Academic Anxiety and PSU
- Academic Procrastination and PSU
- Self-Regulation and PSU
- Life Satisfaction and PSU

Relations to Problematic Smartphone Use

- Among Chinese university students, they have higher reports of PSU. Higher PSU predicts higher levels of academic anxiety and procrastination. The high reports of young Chinese smartphone users are likely due to cultural differences.
   - The level of control and restriction in China may be higher when compared to other places (stricter school management before entering college). Once entering college, the students do not know how to manage their control over smartphone use.
   - Anything that disrupts education or family bonds is disapproved, so using technology or smartphones for non-educational purposes is criticized. This could be why smartphones in China are viewed as an “addiction.”
- Chinese undergraduates may benefit from learning time management skills, especially for smartphone use.

Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students

Problematic mobile phone use has been labeled as an addiction by many academic papers, but there is no official diagnosis for mobile phone addiction in the DSM 5th Edition.
- Although, behavioral addiction is similar to gambling disorder which is in the DSM-5.
- Researchers argue against the idea of gambling disorders being used in the case of problematic mobile phone use for addiction. On the other hand, researchers believe that any behavior like gambling disorder (ex: addiction, replase, tolerance) should be diagnosed with the disorder.

Rutgers University

Where one intentionally delays studying or completing the academic work that they need to submit. 
Factors that contribute to procrastination levels:
- time management
- self-regulation
- participation levels

Procrastination in an Academic Setting

Yang, Z., Asbury, K. & Griffiths, M.D. An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing. Int J Ment Health Addiction 17, 596–614 (2019).

An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing

When someone procrastinates on one assigment or work-related task by working on a different assignment or ask, generally one that is less important or easier. i.e. instead of studying for an exam, you're organizing notes.

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