- Procrastination is especially found in students for academic assignments.
- There are mixed findings between higher levels of academic procrastination and high levels of internet use.
- The association between anxiety and procrastination has been theoretically and empirically supported → fear of failure has been shown for academic procrastination, and it is a symptom of anxiety. 

Academic Procrastination and Problematic Smartphone Use

- Studies show that low levels of self-regulation lead to higher usage of mobile phone use and anxiety.
   - Billieux et al. (2015): impulsivity results in self-regulation not working and can lead to PSU.

Self-Regulation and Problematic Smartphone Use

- The relationship between life satisfaction and PSU has different results from several studies.
   - No direct relationship between life satisfaction and mobile phone use/texting in a United States sample.
   - Lepp et al. 2014: mobile phone use /texting predicted GPA and anxiety, while those two predicted life satisfaction.
   - Other studies' → life satisfaction correlates with PSU.

Life Satisfaction and Problematic Smartphone Use

Empirical studies have found associations between academic anxiety and increased problematic smartphone use (PSU). According to Spielberger (1972), situations that induce anxiety and are viewed as threatening may cause behavioral reactions, such as smartphone use, to serve as a coping mechanism. However, findings regarding the direction of this relationship are mixed; some studies report that higher smartphone usage leads to higher levels of anxiety, while others suggest that higher levels of anxiety result in increased self-reported phone use.

Academic Anxiety and Problematic Smartphone Use

- Academic Anxiety and PSU
- Academic Procrastination and PSU
- Self-Regulation and PSU
- Life Satisfaction and PSU

Rutgers University

Problematic mobile phone use has been labeled as an addiction by many academic papers, but there is no official diagnosis for mobile phone addiction in the DSM 5th Edition.
- Although, behavioral addiction is similar to gambling disorder which is in the DSM-5.
- Researchers argue against the idea of gambling disorders being used in the case of problematic mobile phone use for addiction. On the other hand, researchers believe that any behavior like gambling disorder (ex: addiction, replase, tolerance) should be diagnosed with the disorder.

Problematic Smartphone Use

Yang, Z., Asbury, K. & Griffiths, M.D. An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing. Int J Ment Health Addiction 17, 596–614 (2019).

An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing

Relations to Problematic Smartphone Use

- Among Chinese university students, they have higher reports of PSU. Higher PSU predicts higher levels of academic anxiety and procrastination. The high reports of young Chinese smartphone users are likely due to cultural differences.
   - The level of control and restriction in China may be higher when compared to other places (stricter school management before entering college). Once entering college, the students do not know how to manage their control over smartphone use.
   - Anything that disrupts education or family bonds is disapproved, so using technology or smartphones for non-educational purposes is criticized. This could be why smartphones in China are viewed as an “addiction.”
- Chinese undergraduates may benefit from learning time management skills, especially for smartphone use.

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