- Studies show that low levels of self-regulation lead to higher usage of mobile phone use and anxiety.
   - Billieux et al. (2015): impulsivity results in self-regulation not working and can lead to PSU.

Rutgers University

- Academic Anxiety and PSU
- Academic Procrastination and PSU
- Self-Regulation and PSU
- Life Satisfaction and PSU

Relations to Problematic Smartphone Use

Yang, Z., Asbury, K. & Griffiths, M.D. An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing. Int J Ment Health Addiction 17, 596–614 (2019).

An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing

- Procrastination is especially found in students for academic assignments.
- There are mixed findings between higher levels of academic procrastination and high levels of internet use.
- The association between anxiety and procrastination has been theoretically and empirically supported → fear of failure has been shown for academic procrastination, and it is a symptom of anxiety. 

Academic Procrastination and Problematic Smartphone Use

Self-Regulation and Problematic Smartphone Use

- The relationship between life satisfaction and PSU has different results from several studies.
   - No direct relationship between life satisfaction and mobile phone use/texting in a United States sample.
   - Lepp et al. 2014: mobile phone use /texting predicted GPA and anxiety, while those two predicted life satisfaction.
   - Other studies' → life satisfaction correlates with PSU.

Life Satisfaction and Problematic Smartphone Use

Empirical studies have found associations between academic anxiety and increased problematic smartphone use (PSU). According to Spielberger (1972), situations that induce anxiety and are viewed as threatening may cause behavioral reactions, such as smartphone use, to serve as a coping mechanism. However, findings regarding the direction of this relationship are mixed; some studies report that higher smartphone usage leads to higher levels of anxiety, while others suggest that higher levels of anxiety result in increased self-reported phone use.

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