Research has identified numerous brief and chronic stressors associated with weakened immune function. Examples from studies include academic pressures like medical school examinations, performance anxiety such as public speaking, job-related issues like unemployment and burnout, significant life events like marital discord, divorce, or the death of a spouse, the long-term strain of caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease, and even environmental challenges like exposure to Antarctica's harsh climate.

Examples of Stressors Linked to Weakened Immunity

One of the primary ways stress hormones, released during the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, negatively affect the immune system is by suppressing the production of lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell essential for a proper immune response.

Inhibition of Lymphocytes by Stress Hormones

Research demonstrates that psychological stress can significantly slow down the body's wound healing process. This delay is caused by stress impairing the specific immune responses that are crucial for effective tissue repair.

Impact of Stress on Wound Healing

In a study demonstrating the effect of stress on healing, researchers induced minor skin blisters on participants' forearms. The results showed that subjects who reported higher levels of psychological stress also produced lower levels of the immune proteins essential for the wound healing process.

Experimental Evidence of Stress Impairing Wound Healing

Analyze the following scenario and explain the most likely physiological reason for the observed physical symptom, based on the relationship between a person's mental state and their body's defense systems.

Analyzing the Link Between Mental State and Physical Health

- Anatomical and physiological systems show us how psychological factors can alter the response of our immune system
- Stressful periods of life produce a decline in the number of immune cells and cytokines in our bodies


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- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- The Immune System
- Psychological Stress and Immunity

Emotions and the Immune System

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Psychological Stress and Immunity

- How psychological, behavioral, and social factors play a role in health and disease

Psychosomatic Medicine

- Phagocytes
- B Lymphocytes
- Antibodies
- T Lymphocytes
- Cytokines

The Immune System Elements

Psychoneuroimmunology is the scientific field dedicated to studying the interactions between psychological factors, such as stress, and the body's immune system. The term was introduced in 1981 in a book that reviewed evidence of associations between the brain, the endocrine system, and the immune system. The field's development was largely spurred by the discovery of a fundamental connection between the central nervous system and the immune system.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A tangible physiological connection exists between the brain and the immune system, which is fundamental to understanding how psychological factors influence immunity. This connection operates through at least two major pathways: direct innervation of immune organs (like the thymus, bone marrow, and spleen) by the sympathetic nervous system, and the adverse effects of stress hormones released during HPA axis activation on immune function.

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