Kiehl, K. A., & Hoffman, M. B. (2011). THE CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATH: HISTORY, NEUROSCIENCE, TREATMENT, AND ECONOMICS. Jurimetrics, 51, 355–397.

Relationship between crime and psychopathy

All psychopathy references are listed here.

Tulane University

Psychopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by impaired emotional responses, lack of empathy, and poor behavioral controls, which most often leads to antisocial deviance and criminal behavior.  It is commonly defined by using three main categories: interpersonal, affective, and behavioral traits.

Psychopathy

Use of dispositional mindfulness in people exhibiting psychopathic tendencies including antisocial behavior has been shown to help decrease the chances of those traits increasing over time. Those using more mindfulness have had a tendency to have less increase in antisocial behavior.

Dispositional Mindfulness to Treat Psychopathy and Antisocial Behaviors

Defined as communication and behavior, including feelings and actions, between at least two people.

Interpersonal Traits

Defined as consistent or habitual behaviors, actions, and feelings of a person. These can be helpful to predict a person's actions.

Behavioral Traits

Defined as a person's normal amount of expressed emotion.

Affective Traits

Child psychopathy is difficult to define concretely; however, research shows there are two factors important in recognizing psychopathic tendencies in children:
- conduct problems (CP) and impulsivity
- callous-unemotional factor (CU)

Factors of Child Psychopathy

While they have similar tendencies, psychopathy and antisocial behavior these two things are not the same.  Psychopaths may have antisocial behaviors but people with antisocial behaviors may not classify as psychopaths by the DSM. 

Clarification Between Psychopathy and Antisocial Behavior

Research shows that crime is extremely common among psychopaths. In fact, psychopathy is the variable most highly correlated to being in prison. For instance, 16% of adult males currently in prison, jail, parole, or probation are psychopaths. Additionally, about 1,150,000 adult males in the United States meet the criteria for psychopathy and 93% of them are in prison, jail, parole, or probation.

The above data is as of 2011.

Crime and Psychopathy

Evidence suggests that an interactive model is the best way to explain how psychopathy develops. As of now, many scholars believe that those who become psychopaths have a genetic predisposition for it and when they are immersed in an unhealthy environment, the disorder blossoms.

Potential causes of psychopathy

Dr. Hare, a psychologist focused on the field of criminal psychology, published his Psychopathy Checklist in 1980. It is made up of three models that include different factors. Hence, his clinical definition of what traits a psychopath holds is described in this checklist, which many professionals use to diagnose such disorder.

Dr. Robert Hare's clinical definition of a psychopath

Psychopathy References

Based on earlier studies, researchers used to believe that one of the many roots of psychopathy are defects in the brain’s frontal cortex — especially in areas associated with reasoning and executive control. For example, one study published by scholar Antonio Damasio and his colleagues found that some cases of lesions to areas of the frontal lobe led to psychopathic behaviors.

Neurological differences found in the brains of psychopaths based on static images

Similar to sociopathy, this condition is a lack of empathy and understanding of others. Emotions may not be experienced much at all in these individuals. However, the emphasis relies more on manipulative behavior. True social connections may not be possible, only feigned. Though manipulative and unempathetic, these individuals can be seen as charming to others and capable of maintaining a relatively normal life. Unlike the sociopath, they tend to be more risk-averse and caring about themselves. 

Additional definition of psychopathy

One highly debated question amongst psychologists is the extent to which individuals who fit the DSM-5's diagnostic criteria of a psychopath are responsible for their actions and understand the difference between right and wrong given the nature of their condition. A strong case can be made that they do understand the difference between right and wrong and thus can be held responsible for their actions. 

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