Another key factor is a children's familial experience. Children who are abused and neglected in family are in higher risk of developing antisocial behaviors. In additions, factors include alcoholic father, large family size, parental rejection, parental conflicts can all contribute to low happiness acquired by children and increasing tendency of criminal behaviors. 

Psychosocial factors in CD (2)

Based on the principles of how peer relationships shape behavior, provide the most likely explanation for the change in Alex's social affiliations and behavior.

Peer Group Dynamics and Behavioral Change

Based on the provided scenario, explain the psychological process that connects a child's initial social difficulties with their subsequent increase in defiant behavior. Identify the key mediating factor in this process.

Peer Influence and Behavioral Trajectories

Peer relation is one of the factor that has direct influence on child development. Factors like childhood aggression, social withdrawal, and lack of social skills can contribute to peer rejection. This rejection leads a child away from prosocial peer groups and toward antisocial peers. Under peer influence, risk of substance abuse and other delinquencies increase. 

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To prevent the development of conduct disorder into antisocial personality disorder, risk factors are recognized and sorted into following categories:

1. Intrinsic individual differences
2. Psychosocial and familial factors
3. Genetic and nutritional factors
4. Neurochemical factors

Risk factors of conduct disorder

Holmes, S., Slaughter, J., & Kashani, J. (2004). Risk Factors in Childhood That Lead to the Development of Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 31(3), 183-193.

Risk Factors of CD and ASPD

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Studies indicated that low level of central serotonin is positively correlated with aggression, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Low level of dopamine is related to mood complication/swing and lack of attention. When these two neurotransmitter are insufficient, people are more likely to develop CD and ASPD.

Neurochemical factors in CD

Psychosocial factors in CD (1)

Past studies had hinted the heritability of antisocial traits. Twin studies found that more monozygotic twins show higher level of antisocial behaviors than dizygotic twins. Moreover, in a meta-analysis of twin adoption study,  researchers found that 50% of the variance found in measures of antisocial behaviors can be ascribed to genetic effects. 

Genetic factors in CD

ADHD is one of the most highly related predisposing factor of antisocial behaviors. The hyperactivity component in ADHD and impulsivity can easily lead to cognitive deficiency and poor peer relationship. 

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