Most studies only show the immediate shift in perceptions and performance following an intervention.  The interventions are not shown to be effective long term yet. How can we see if interventions at a young age influence academic and career paths?

Interventions to improve female perceptions of STEM....

- Continue to focus on building STEM abilities
- focus more on enhancing female interest in STEM subjects
- Intervene at earlier grades to light interest
- Break down stereotypes
- Highlight the importance of hard work vs. talent
- use innovate techniques to teach STEM (i.e. storytelling)
- Communicate how STEM expertise will translate to a career
- Spotlight female role models in STEM
- Make necessary familial accommodations


San Jose State University

Women in the United States are underrepresented in math-intensive STEM fields: 
- mathematics and statistics
- computer and information sciences
- engineering
- physical and technological sciences
- Other scientific fields

Gender Gap in Math-Intensive STEM Fields 

Wang, M. T., & Degol, J. L. (2017). Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Current Knowledge, Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Directions. Educational psychology review, 29(1), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9355-x

Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Current Knowledge, Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Directions

Factors influencing female decisions to opt out of math-intensive STEM fields:
- cognitive 
- motivational 

Potential factors :
- developmental period
- Biological & sociocultural 

Factors Causing Underrepresentation of Women in Math-Intensive STEM Fields.  

Recommendations to Decrease the Gender Gap in Math-Intensive STEM Fields 

The performance differences between genders in math-intensive science fields. 

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